Research Articles

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Economic liberation or economic distress: evaluation of Zimbabwe’s foreign exchange circus and its impact on the financial system
(International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Growth Evaluation, 2023-10-11) Aitaa, Sam Kilimvi; Mawarire, Richard
Zimbabwe's economy generates a large amount of foreign currency from a number of sources but the country is nevertheless experiencing a serious foreign exchange crisis. In spite of substantial forex revenues, the country is plagued by excessive inflation and currency instability. The study looks into how Zimbabwe's currency crisis has affected the financial systems. The interplay between the supply of money, the rate of inflation, the movement in the exchange rate, and spending by government have been examined to understand reasons of the currency crisis in Zimbabwe. The research was hinged on the interpretivist paradigm and a quantitative approach used for data analysis as predestined by the purpose of this research. Secondary data were reviewed for the analysis. Descriptive statistics was employed for the data analysis, correlation coefficient was employed to evaluate the level of interaction between the variables. The findings showed that the exchange rate between the local currency and US dollar declined from ZWL 24.60 to ZWL 810 between January 2020 and November 2022 antagonizing the money supply growth at the same period, from ZWL 36.27bn to ZWL 2.07tn respectively. The foreign currency premium significantly fell to 32% as of August 2022. It was therefore recommended that since the excessive expansion of the money supply through borrowing appears to be the main issue causing the foreign exchange crisis, the Zimbabwean government must reduce its borrowing to prevent fiscal deficits. Secondly, the government should intervene in the pricing distortions caused by numerous players as a result of the absence of a market-wide consensus exchange rate. Thirdly, there should be implementation of fiscal rationalization policies and adherence to the requirements of the Zimbabwe Debt Management Act. Further studies could concentrate on examining the macro factors that lead to this economic distress.
Exploration of factors that motivate small and medium enterprises to practice corporate social responsibility in Uganda: A case study of Arua City
(International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Growth Evaluation, 2024-07) Angunye, Martha May; Aitaa, Sam Kilimvi
Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs) are silent drivers of economic development that are vital to most economies worldwide, particularly in developing and emerging economies. The SMEs have gained prominence as a potential solution in stimulating economic growth and social responsibility practices. However, there has been inadequate attention on assessing the factors that motivate these SMEs to practice Corporate Social Responsibility thus forming a basis for this study. The study focuses on exploring the internal and external factors that motivate SMEs to practice CSR in Arua City. Cross-sectional research design was employed hinging on a quantitative approach. A sample of 400 participants was picked from the various SMEs using a stratified random sampling method and data was collected using self-administered questionnaires. The findings showed that both internal and external factors influence SMEs to engage in CSR practices. The respondents acknowledged that competitor effors, stakeholder expectations and societal demands motivate SMEs to practice CSR. It is recommended that: SMEs should develop a well-defined CSR strategy that outlines their goals, target areas, and key performance indicators. This strategy should be aligned with the company’s core values and business objectives to ensure sustainability in their business operations.
An exploration of the impact of mergers and acquisitions in the Nigerian banking sector: A study of access bank and Diamond Bank
(International Journal of Business Strategies, 2023-01-28) Aitaa, Sam Kilimvi; Mabel, Oluwabusayo Ologesin
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of mergers and acquisitions on the financial performance of companies. Methodology: Two Nigerian deposit money banks, Access Bank and Diamond Bank were considered as case study to evaluate if they could perform better as a result of corporate restructuring when using merger and acquisition as a technique. The banks were considered because they had more than one M & A transactions between 2005 and 2019. The study carefully considered financial parameters such as return on assets, return on equity to draw conclusion. Quantitative research methodology was used as predestined by the purpose of this research. Secondary data in the form of published accounts were reviewed for the analysis. Descriptive statistics was employed for the data analysis, and the independent sample test was performed to assess the study's hypothesis. Additionally, the association between the transactions and the performance of the business was examined using Pearson's correlation coefficient. Findings: The study found that merger and acquisition may increase a company's profitability but does not necessarily translate into increase in shareholder value. Businesses must manage the acquired assets and debts efficiently to increase shareholding value. With regard to the effect of mergers and acquisitions on the financial performance of deposit money banks, this study supplements the empirical data already available on specific financial indicators that improve post mergers and acquisitions performance. Recommendation: It is recommended that the acquired asset profile needs to be effectively utilized so that the return on assets and returns on equity is improved after the merger.
Impact of financial inclusion on economic growth of African countries
(American Journal of Accounting, 2023-04-21) Aitaa, Sam Kilimvi; Amadi, Solomon Ezekwesiri
The main objective of this study was to understand the effect of financial inclusion on economic growth of Africa. Although Africa is the second-most populous continent in the world with a 3.17% growth rate, it has the biggest proportion of the world's population without access to a bank, at a startling 45% throughout the continent. However, a growing number of Fintech businesses have emerged in Africa in recent years to address the issue of financial inclusion. With this advent, it was imperative to study the phenomenon and ascertain if there is any effect on the economy. Descriptive and Correlational Research Design were employed to explain and examine the relationship between financial inclusion and economic growth. This study adopted the quantitative research approach. Secondary data from Financial Access Survey (FAS), World Development Indicators (WDI) and The Global Financial Index Report from 2015 – 2021 were examined. The relationships were tested using Generalized Moments Method (GMM) that was preferred over the Ordinary Least Square method (OLS) because of its efficiency and veracity to work with small samples. The data was presented in form of tables and graphs. The results showed that financial inclusion indicators are positively correlated to the economic growth. Using the dimensions of financial inclusion such as availability, penetration, and usage, we can ascertain a positive impact on the economic growth of Africa at large. The outcome of the study will guide policy makers to identify the most effective strategies to achieve financial inclusion that enhances economic growth. While previous studies identified ATM and CBB as one of the highest financial inclusion indicators that aid economic growth, it is recommended that BCB with a higher correlation be considered too for economic growth. Therefore, governments should focus on building structures and systems that encourage borrowing to stimulate economic growth.
The Impact of tax audit and tax investigation on tax compliance of businesses (a case study of Lagos State, Nigeria)
(International Journal of Novel Research and Development, 2023-03) Aitaa, Sam Kilimvi; Adepehin, Martins Ninilola
The purpose of the study was to examine the impact of tax audit and tax investigation on tax compliance of businesses using Lagos State as a case study. The specific objectives of the study were: to investigate the effect of tax audit on the tax compliance of businesses in Lagos state; to examine the impact of tax investigation on the tax compliance of businesses and to evaluate the inter-relational impact of tax audit and investigation on tax compliance on businesses in Lagos state. Quantitative research methodology was used as predestined by the purpose of this research. Secondary data were reviewed for the analysis. Descriptive statistics was employed for the data analysis, and ordinary least squares method was employed to provide answers to the research questions and test the hypotheses. Additionally, inter-relational impact of tax audit and tax investigation on tax compliance on businesses was examined using Pearson's correlation coefficient. A deductive research design was chosen. The findings showed that the degree of tax compliance of businesses in Lagos State has a positive correlated to tax audit and tax investigation. It was advised that tax authorities conduct annual tax audits and expand tax audits and investigations to cover more businesses, particularly those operating in the digital economy and informal sector, and provide constant professional training for tax auditors and investigators to equip them for the evolving changes in the industry. Continuous improvement in tax compliance of businesses through encouragement and enforcement will assist the government in generating more tax-related revenue.
The Impact of work-life balance on employee work quality improvement in Nigeria
(AJPO Journals, 2023-06-28) Solihu, Abdulakeem Abiodun; Iyobhebhe, Itohan; Aitaa, Sam Kilimvi
The challenge of achieving a healthy work-life balance (WLB) is a persistent concern in many organizations, with only a minority of businesses taking proactive measures to address it. Consequently, it is imperative to assist workers in establishing a healthy work-life balance. The primary aim of this study is to analyze the impact of work-life balance on enhancing employees' work quality. The research attempted to provide answers to the following research questions: i) Does flexible work arrangements impact employee job quality? (ii) Do leave policies to contribute to enhancing employee job quality? (iii) Do opportunities for career advancement impact employee work quality? The study employed epistemological research design, which concerns the logical inquiry and acquisition of knowledge reflecting on the researcher's perspective on the topic. The research used an inductive and interpretive methodology. Secondary data was obtained from Google Scholar, Research gate, and other open Access sources, to locate relevant and current publications for analysis and interpretation. Publications from 2012 and 2022 on WLB, Work Quality, Leave Policies, Career Progression, FWAs, and the impact of WLB on improving work quality considered as search variables.The findings showed a significant impact of Flexible Work Arrangements (FWAs) on the quality of employee work. Additionally, a positive correlation was observed between employee work quality and leave programs. Finally, the study's findings indicate that career development opportunities impact the quality of productive work. Consequently, the research suggests that adopting Flexible Work Arrangements (FWAs) by business managers could lead to an increase in employee contentment, a reduction in stress levels, and ultimately, an enhancement in work performance. The study also recommended that organizations provide employees with adequate and unobstructed access to leave and opportunities for career progression, as this can lead to increased job satisfaction.
Implications of informal money transfer systems on Kenya’s financial sector
(AJPO Journals, 2023-07-01) Feven, Ecubay; Aitaa, Sam Kilimvi
In Kenya, the informal money transfer system is widely used by its citizens, allowing them to make quick and easy payments across long distances. This system has bridged the gap between those with limited access to formal banking services, allowing them to make transactions without relying on a formal banking institution. While there are numerous benefits to using this type of system, it can also present potential risks to the economy and financial sector in general. This paper examines the implications of the informal money transfer system in Kenya, focusing primarily on its effects on financial sector development, financial inclusion, and risk management practices. A qualitative research approach was adopted for this study to understand the complexities and nuances involved in this type of financial transaction. Secondary data was obtained from surveys conducted by government agencies such as the Central Bank of Kenya (CBK). Other sources included reports on informal money transfers such as web-based searches on informal money transfer services, and databases used by banks and other government departments related to finances. Legal and regulatory frameworks that influence the use and activities of informal money transfer systems in Kenya were also be included. The findings showed that informal money transfer systems provided much-needed access to finance for many individuals excluded from formal banking services, leading to increased economic development opportunities. The findings further uncovered that the drivers of informal money transfers include low-income levels, traditional banks limited geographic reach, limited capital, and a lack of trust in formal banking institutions. As such, informal money transfers aided the velocity of efficient and cheaper cross-borders and cross-regions remittances. It was however demonstrated that although informal money transfers bring benefits to their users, it also carries considerable risks. It is recommended that the current regulatory framework governing informal money transfers needs to be updated to protect consumers from fraud and theft while still allowing them to access the necessary financial resources for their economic endeavours.
Imprint of occupational health and safety conditions on employee commitment: A case study of Toyota Tsusho Corporation
(European Journal of Human Resource, 2023-01-29) Aitaa, Sam Kilimvi; Owusu-Antwi, Joana Nshyira
Purpose: World Health Organization (WHO) potentiates the goal of occupational health and safety as protecting employees' mental, bodily, and social health while they are working. Using Toyota Tsusho Corporation as a case study, this study aimed at examining the impact of occupational health and safety measures on employee commitment. Methodology: The study utilized a quantitative analysis of published data from Toyota Corporation health and safety initiatives report. Descriptive statistics was employed for the data analysis, and the independent sample test was performed to assess the study's hypothesis. Findings: This study found that management initiative and commitment to health and safety had a positive influence on employee commitment. It was also revealed that health and safety measures had an association with employee commitment and presenteeism level. Recommendations: The study recommend businesses to adopt healthy lifestyles and encourage employee motivation to lower presenteeism in both high-risk and low-risk environments. Policies on employee safety and provision of appropriate equipment that reduce the frequency of accidents, illnesses, and injuries should be the priority of management.
The invisible player - the contribution of small and medium enterprises in the agribusiness sector on the Nigerian economy
(SCIREA Journal of Economics, 2023-02-12) Aitaa, Sam Kilimvi
Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) around the world contribute to the growth of economies and promote employment, equitable income distribution and better living standards The research therefore was intended to evaluate the contribution of the Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in the agribusiness sector on the economy of Nigeria. The study utilized a quantitative analysis of published data for the period 2011 to 2021 obtained from the Central Bank of Nigeria Statistical Bulletin of 2021. Descriptive statistics was employed in establishing the causal relationship between Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and agribusiness output (AbO). The findings showed that there was a significant positive correlation between agribusiness output and GDP. Equivocally, agribusiness investment also had a significant relationship on the Gross Domestic Product and vice versa. The study concluded that if national economic well-being is the primary goal of government, investment in agribusiness should not be sidelined.
Motivating factors beyond legal obligation: the practice of corporate social responsibility in the transport sector in Uganda
(Pacific Business Review (International), 2021-12-06) Aitaa, Sam Kilimvi; Tripathi, Abhishek
Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is a business practice that beneﬁts society. The modern CSR is premised on Carroll's pyramid of CSR developed in 1996. CSR implementation presents fears and challenges to companies, especially in developing economies. While many countries have legalized CSR practices globally, Uganda has not legalized CSR practices. Being a relatively unfamiliar concept in Uganda, this paper was intended to examine the factors that motivate companies to embrace CSR practices despite having no legal obligation to fulﬁll. The results show that the primary CSR approach employed by the companies has been community support pointing to philanthropy, and the main motives included providing beneﬁts to the community and attracting more customers. Although stakeholder theory had been widely adopted to support CSR practices, the philanthropic approach employed without any compelling laws links to the theory of planned behaviour. This ﬁnding implies that CSR is ever evolving; the CSR position in developed economies is not comparable to developing economies; philanthropy is seen as the primary approach, and Stakeholder theory widely considered for CSR is relative and not universal.

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