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Item Radiation-induced degradation in the properties of pristine anddouble-walled carbon nanotube-enhancedpoly (2,5-benzimidazole) polymers for radiation shielding in the LEO(Elsevier, 2025-09-01) Oryema, Bosco; Square, Lynndle; Ellis, ErnstDegradation in the properties of polymer-based materials in space environments is a critical challenge for developing lightweight radiation shielding solutions. In this paper, a comparative study of the impacts of helium ion (He+) irradiation one of the ion species in the Low Earth Orbit (LEO) environment on the structural and optical properties of pristine and 1.0 wt% double-walled carbon nanotube (DWCNT)-enhanced poly(2,5-benzimidazole) (ABPBI) polymers for LEO radiation shielding applications was conducted. The two polymer categories were separately chemically prepared in the laboratory, moulded, dried, and cut into 1 cm × 1 cm pieces, and bombarded with 0.35 MeV He+ ions at varying fluences. The Ultraviolet–Visible-Near-Infrared (UV–Vis-NIR) optical analyses of the polymers following the ion bombardment revealed that He+ irradiation considerably raises the Urbach energy and decreases the optical bandgap, indicating a rise in electronic defects and structural disorder. On the other hand, the Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), and X-ray Diffraction (XRD) analyses revealed higher levels of structural degradation in the pristine ABPBI samples, suggesting changes brought about by irradiation-induced oxidation and chain scission processes. In contrast, the 1.0 wt% DWCNT-ABPBI composite demonstrated improved optical and structural integrity, retention, and resistance to He+ ion-induced damage. According to the results, 1.0 wt% DWCNT reinforcement reduces radiation-induced deterioration and offers more protection from energetic ion exposure in the LEO settings. Thus, this work highlights the distinct impact of He+ ion interactions with ABPBI and the effectiveness of DWCNT inclusion in improving polymer resilience, and it contributes to the fundamental understanding of the polymer composite for radiation shielding applications.Item An explainable AI framework for neonatal mortality risk prediction in Kenya: Enhancing clinical decisions with machine learning(Science Publishing Group, 2025-09-30) Lumumba, Victor Wandera; Muriithi, Dennis Kariuki; Njoroge, Elizabeth Wambui; Langat, Amos Kipkorir; Mwebesa, Edson; Wanyama, Maureen AmbasaNeonatal mortality remains a critical public health challenge in Kenya, with a rate of 21 per 1,000 live births—well above the SDG 3.2 target. While machine learning (ML) offers potential for risk prediction, most models lack transparency and clinical interpretability, limiting their adoption in low-resource settings. This study presents an explainable AI (XAI) framework for predicting neonatal mortality using Kenya Demographic and Health Survey (KDHS) data (N = 2,000), with a focus on model accuracy, fairness, and clinical relevance. Six ML models—Logistic Regression (LR), KNN, SVM, Naïve Bayes, Random Forest, and XG-Boost—were trained and evaluated using in-sample, out-of-sample, and balanced datasets, with performance assessed via AUC, F1-score, sensitivity, specificity, and Cohen’s Kappa. To address class imbalance and enhance generalizability, synthetic oversampling and rigorous cross-validation were applied. Post-balancing, LR achieved optimal performance (AUC = 1.0, κ = 0.98, F1 = 0.987), with SVM (AUC = 0.995) and XG-Boost (AUC = 0.982) also showing higher performance. SHAP and model breakdown analyses identified Apgar scores (at 1st and 5th minutes), birth weight, maternal health, and prenatal visit frequency as key predictors. Fairness assessments across socioeconomic subgroups indicated minimal bias (DIR > 0.8). The integration of XAI enhances transparency, supports clinician trust, and enables equitable decision-making. This framework bridges the gap between predictive accuracy and clinical usability, offering a scalable tool for early intervention. Policy recommendations include embedding this XAI-enhanced model into antenatal care systems to support evidence-based decisions and accelerate progress toward neonatal survival goals in resource-limited settings.Item Value of hs‑cTnT, sST2, and Lp‑PLA2 in the classification of acute coronary syndrome(Spandidos Publications, 2025-08-22) Peng, Hongxin; Lubanga, Nasifu; Sun, Cong; He, Bangshun; Mei, Yan‑Ping; Wang, YishanThe present study aimed to assess the value of high‑sensitivity cardiac troponin T (hs‑cTnT), soluble suppression of tumorigenicity 2 protein (sST2) and lipoprotein‑associated phospholipase A2 (Lp‑PLA2) in the classification of acute coronary syndrome (ACS). A total of 236 patients diagnosed with ACS were enrolled in this retrospective study and were further divided into the non‑ST‑segment‑elevation (NSTE)‑ACS group (n=183) and ST‑segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) group (n=53). The three biomarkers (hs‑cTnT, sST2 and Lp‑PLA2) were measured by electrochemiluminescence. The diagnostic performance of each biomarker in differentiating ACS subtypes was evaluated through receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. The DeLong test was applied to compare the discriminatory abilities of the different markers. The binary logistic regression model was employed to analyze the factors influencing ACS classification. The levels of hs‑cTnT and sST2 in males were significantly higher in the STEMI group than in the NSTE‑ACS group (P<0.05). hs‑cTnT [odds ratio (OR)=1.010, 95%CI: 1.007‑1.014] and sST2 (OR=1.022, 95%CI: 1.011‑1.033) were identified as good predictors for distinguishing STEMI from NSTE‑ACS, whereas Lp‑PLA2 (P=0.470) was not a suitable biomarker to discriminate between the two types of ACS. Additionally, the diagnostic efficacy of hs‑cTnT [area under curve (AUC=0.861)] and the combination of hs‑cTnT and sST2 (AUC=0.863) was higher than that of sST2 alone (AUC=0.833, P<0.05). In conclusion, these findings illustrated that hs‑cTnT and sST2 are promising biomarkers to classify patients with ACS. Compared with sST2 alone, hs‑cTnT and its combined detection demonstrate superior diagnostic efficiency in identifying ACS.Item Acute and sub-acute toxicity assessment of methanolic stem bark extract of Khaya anthotheca (Meliaceae) in Wistar rats(Springer Nature, 2025-08-29) Akwongo, Betty; Kakudidi, Esezah K.; Nsubuga, Anthony M.; Andama, Morgan; Namaganda, Mary; Tugume, Patience; Asiimwe, Savina; Anywar, Godwin; Katuura, EstherBackground: Khaya anthotheca (Meliaceae) is a medicinal plant with a wide range of therapeutic properties attributable mainly to the diverse limonoids it contains. Different parts of the plant are used in traditional health care for treatment of various diseases including candidiasis. However, inadequate information on its safety prompted this particular study. Methods: Acute toxicity was assessed according to OECD guidelines 425 in female rats administered with single oral doses of 2000 and 5000 mg/kg body weight (b.wt), and monitored for 14 days for any sign of toxicity and mortality. Sub-acute toxicity was evaluated in both male and female rats following OECD guideline 407, and were administered with extract doses of 500, 250 and 125 mg/kg b.wt repeatedly for 28 days. Body weights were measured weekly, while food and water intake were measured daily. Blood for biochemistry, hematology, and organs for histopathology were collected at the end of the experimental period. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by Turkey’s post hoc tests, and repeated measures ANOVA. Results: Acute toxicity showed no mortality, with half-lethal dose (LD50) being greater than 5000 mg/kg b.wt. For sub-acute toxicity, both male and female rats presented significant increase in food and water consumption, increased body weight with increasing time and extract doses (p < 0.05). The 500 mg/kg dosed female rats showed significant increase in stomach weights and alanine aminotransferase (ALT), while renal function marker of chloride ions (Cl−) decreased. Male rats showed dose-dependent significant rise in albumin (ALB) (p = 0.024). For both male and female rats, prolonged use of high extract doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg b.wt for 28 days were toxic to the stomach and liver. Conclusions: The methanolic stem bark extract of K. anthotheca is practically non-toxic at acute dose of 5000 mg/kg b.wt, and safe for clinical use at low sub-acute doses of 125 mg/kg b.wt. However, long-term administration of high extract doses above 125 mg/kg was toxic to mainly the liver and stomach. Thus, long-term administration of high dosage of methanol stem bark extract of K. anthotheca, and phytomedicine development should be done with cautions of potential side effects.Item In vitro antifungal activities of medicinal plants used for treatment of candidiasis in Pader district, Northern Uganda(Springer Nature, 2024-11-13) Akwongo, Betty; Kakudidi, Esezah K.; Nsubuga, Anthony M.; Andama, Morgan; Namaganda, Mary; Tugume, Patience; Asiimwe, Savina; Anywar, Godwin; Katuura, EstherBackground The emergence of multidrug resistant Candida species to available drugs has led to renewed interest in the use of herbal medicines globally. This study scientifically verified antifungal effectiveness of five commonly used plant species in Pader district, against selected pathogenic candida strains. Methods Powdered roots of Momordica foetida, Sansevieria dawei and Distimake dissectus; and stem barks of Khaya anthotheca and Mitragyna rubrostipulata were extracted sequentially using petroleum ether and methanol, respectively; and total water extraction at 24.4 °C (maceration), 60 °C (decoction) and boiling water at 87 °C (hot water infusion). Extracts and their combinations, positive controls (amphotericin B, and fluconazole) and negative control (80% dimethyl sulfoxide, verified to be tolerable concentration to the tested Candida species) were screened and verified for their antifungal activity against Candida albicans (ATCC: American Type Culture Collection reference strain 10231, ATCC 90028, 0770a and 0796), C. glabrata (VVc 004, ATCC 2950) and C. tropicalis (ATCC 750 and 0210) using agar well diffusion and broth micro-dilution, respectively. Results Aqueous extract (24.4 °C) of M. rubrostipulata (ZOI: 18.00 ± 1.00 to 38.33 ± 0.17; MIC: 3.13 ± 0.00 to 20.83 ± 4.17; MFC: 12.50 ± 0.00 to 200.00 ± 0.00), methanol extract of K. anthotheca (10.11 ± 0.31 to 15.11 ± 0.65; 1.04 ± 0.26 to 12.50 ± 0.00; 12.50 ± 0.00 to 100.00 ± 0.00), and combination of aqueous extract (60 °C) of D. dissectus + methanol extract of K. anthotheca (7.89 ± 0.26 to 19.67 ± 0.37; 0.78 ± 0.00 to 50.00 ± 0.00; 12.50 ± 0.00 to 200.00 ± 0.00) exhibited broad spectrum antifungal activities and were fungistatic against all tested Candida species, which comprised 8 clinical/control and susceptible/resistant strains. None of the conventional drugs used demonstrated broad spectrum antifungal activity across all tested Candida species/strains. Conclusion Methanol extract of K. anthotheca, aqueous extract (24.4 °C) of M. rubrostipulata, and combination of aqueous extract (60 °C) of D. dissectus + methanol extract of K. anthotheca could be effective in the treatment of candidiasis. They demonstrated potential broad spectrum antifungal activity against different species and strains of tested Candida than the fluconazole and amphotericin B drugs. Their fungistatic nature showed their ability to inhibit fungal growth. Hence, these extracts/extract combination can offer better treatment option for candidiasis if they are standardized and also their active curative compounds isolated and made into antifungal drugs.Item How the chemical composition of solids influences the formation of planetesimals(EDP Sciences, 2025-07-11) Xenos, Konstantinos Odysseas; Bitsch, Bertram; Andama, GeoffreyThe formation of planetesimals is a necessary step for the formation of planets. While several methods exist that can explain the formation of planetesimals, an increase in the local dust-to-gas ratio above unity is a strong requirement to trigger the collapse of the pebble cloud to form planetesimals. One prime location for this to happen is at the water-ice line, where large water-rich pebbles evaporate and release their smaller silicate cores, resulting in an increase in the local dust-to-gas ratio originating from the different inward velocities of the large and small pebbles. While previous work indicated that planetesimal formation becomes very challenging at overall dustto-gas ratios below 0.6%, in line with the occurrence of close-in super-Earths, it is unclear how the overall disc composition influences the formation of planetesimals. Observations of stellar abundances not only indicate a decrease in the overall C/O ratio for low metallicity stars, they also show a large spread in the C/O ratios. However, the C/O ratio sets the abundance of water ice within the disc. Using the 1D numerical disc evolution code chemcomp, we simulated protoplanetary discs with varying C/O ratios and dust-to-gas ratios over a 3 Myr timescale. Planetesimal formation is modelled by implementing conditions based on dust-gas dynamics and pebble fragmentation. Our results confirm that planetesimal formation is highly dependent on disc metallicity with lower metallicity discs forming significantly fewer planetesimals. We find that a decreased carbon fraction generally enhances planetesimal formation, while a higher carbon fraction suppresses it due to a reduced water abundance at the same dust-to-gas ratio. The opposite is the case with the oxygen ratio, where larger oxygen fractions allow a more efficient formation of planetesimals at the same overall dust-to-gas ratio. Consequently we make the prediction that planets around low metallicity stars should be more common if the stars have low C/O ratios, especially when their oxygen abundance is increased compared to other elements, testable through observations. Our simulations thus open a pathway to understanding whether the composition of the planet-forming material influences the growth of planets.Item Acute and sub‑acute toxicity assessment of methanolic stem bark extract of Khaya anthotheca (Meliaceae) in Wistar rats(Springer Nature, 2025-08-29) Akwongo, Betty; Kakudidi, Esezah K.; Nsubuga, Anthony M.; Andama, Morgan; Namaganda, Mary; Tugume, Patience; Asiimwe, Savina; Anywar, Godwin; Katuura, EstherBackground: Khaya anthotheca (Meliaceae) is a medicinal plant with a wide range of therapeutic properties attributable mainly to the diverse limonoids it contains. Different parts of the plant are used in traditional health care for treatment of various diseases including candidiasis. However, inadequate information on its safety prompted this particular study. Methods: Acute toxicity was assessed according to OECD guidelines 425 in female rats administered with single oral doses of 2000 and 5000 mg/kg body weight (b.wt), and monitored for 14 days for any sign of toxicity and mortality. Sub-acute toxicity was evaluated in both male and female rats following OECD guideline 407, and were administered with extract doses of 500, 250 and 125 mg/kg b.wt repeatedly for 28 days. Body weights were measured weekly, while food and water intake were measured daily. Blood for biochemistry, hematology, and organs for histopathology were collected at the end of the experimental period. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by Turkey’s post hoc tests, and repeated measures ANOVA. Results: Acute toxicity showed no mortality, with half-lethal dose (LD50) being greater than 5000 mg/kg b.wt. For sub-acute toxicity, both male and female rats presented significant increase in food and water consumption, increased body weight with increasing time and extract doses (p < 0.05). The 500 mg/kg dosed female rats showed significant increase in stomach weights and alanine aminotransferase (ALT), while renal function marker of chloride ions (Cl−) decreased. Male rats showed dose-dependent significant rise in albumin (ALB) (p = 0.024). For both male and female rats, prolonged use of high extract doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg b.wt for 28 days were toxic to the stomach and liver. Conclusions: The methanolic stem bark extract of K. anthotheca is practically non-toxic at acute dose of 5000 mg/kg b.wt, and safe for clinical use at low sub-acute doses of 125 mg/kg b.wt. However, long-term administration of high extract doses above 125 mg/kg was toxic to mainly the liver and stomach. Thus, long-term administration of high dosage of methanol stem bark extract of K. anthotheca, and phytomedicine development should be done with cautions of potential side effects.Item Genome-wide survey of peptides containing tyrosine sulfation (PSY) gene family and potential PSY specific miRNA revealed their role in plant development and diverse stress conditions in rice (Oryza sativa L.).(Springer Nature, 2025-08-26) Kesawat, Mahipal Singh; Manohar, Swati; Anand, Ankit; Alamery, Salman Freeh; Badu, Meenakshi; Kabi, Mandakini; Mohanty, Ankita; Naik, Islavath Suresh; Kumar, Santosh; Kherawat, Bhagwat Singh; Kumar, Vinay; Lenka, Sangram K.; Verma, Shreya; Shrivastava, Harsha; Kumawat, Giriraj; Masika, Fred BwayoBackground Soybean is a fundamental oilseed crop, recognized for its notable protein and oil levels. Tyrosine Sulfation (PSY) genes play an essential role in plant growth, development, and responses to stress. However, the precise functions and mechanisms regulated by PSY are still being explored. Currently, there is insufficient information on the PSY gene family in soybean. Therefore, this study conducted a comprehensive genome-wide survey to detect and PSY family members were categorized in soybean. Results The phylogenetic analysis revealed that PSY family was categorized into nine distinct groups. Further, we precisely mapped the locations of the 12 GmPSY genes across seven soybean chromosomes. Examination of gene duplication revealed six pairs of duplicated genes within the PSY gene family in soybean. A consistent gene structure pattern was observed among GmPSY gene family members. The alignment of GmPSY protein amino acid sequences revealed a conserved PSY domain present in all proteins. Furthermore, RNA-seq data from the Soybean Expression Atlas revealed varying expression patterns of GmPSY genes across different tissues. To validate the expression profiles, qRT-PCR analysis was performed on selected GmPSY genes using root tissues from contrasting soybean accessions. In addition, identified eight out of the 12 GmPSY genes as targets for ten specific miRNAs. Moreover, we constructed a protein-protein interaction network to explore the connections between GmPSY and other soybean proteins. Conclusion Thus, these discoveries lay a robust groundwork for future research aimed at elucidating the specific roles of GmPSY members across different tissues and under various stress conditions in soybean.Item Nanoparticles in plant system: A comprehensive review on their role in diverse stress management and phytohormone signaling(Elsevier, 2025-08-19) Kumar, Vinay; Naik, Islavath Suresh; Das, Bimal; Singh, Anupama; Nayak, Prayasi; Mohapatra, Chinmayee; Debnath, Debanjana; Tripathy, Maitreyee; Behera, Kumareswar; Masika, Fred Bwayo; Manohar, Swati; Chung, Sang-Min; Kherawat, Bhagwat Singh; Hemalatha, Mamidi; Kesawat, Mahipal SinghClimate variability has led to significant environmental shifts in recent years, placing growing strain on agricultural systems worldwide. These environmental fluctuations have magnified the effects of abiotic and biotic stresses on plants, substantially hampering their growth and lowering crop productivity. To tackle these challenges, there is an urgent need for innovative and effective strategies that promote sustainable agricultural practices. Among emerging technologies, nanotechnology has attracted significant interest for its transformative potential in agriculture. The application of nanoscale materials including nanopesticides, nanofungicides, nanofertilizers, and nanoherbicides offers promising avenues for enhancing crop protection and boost productivity. Nanoparticles (NPs) exhibit unique physicochemical properties that allow for precise and targeted delivery of nutrients and protective agents, thereby improving both the quality and yield of crops under diverse stress conditions. Phytohormone signaling pathways comprise intricate biochemical networks that enable plant hormones to regulate growth, development, and stress responses by transmitting and amplifying precise molecular signals. Recent studies suggest that NPs can alleviate stress-induced damage in plants by modulating phytohormone signaling pathways. However, the complex mechanisms underlying the interactions between NPs and phytohormone biosynthesis remain largely unexplored. This review offers a comprehensive overview of nanoparticle synthesis methods, types, and characterization techniques, with particular emphasis on their potential for mitigating both abiotic and biotic stresses. In addition, the article explores the role of NPs in plant pathology, particularly in disease detection and management. It also highlights emerging evidence on the impact of NPs on phytohormone signaling pathways, which are crucial for improving plant resilience and productivity in stress-prone environments. Thus, nanotechnology holds considerable promise for alleviating stress-related challenges and improving crop yields. A deeper understanding of NP–phytohormone interactions is crucial for developing safe and effective nanotechnological strategies to advance sustainable agricultureItem Relative abundance, geographical distribution, and utilization of the edible wild black plum (Vitex doniana) in Uganda(Springer Nature, 2025-08-04) Caku, Jimmy; Kesawat, Mahipal S.; Ddamulira, Gabriel; Masika, Fred BwayoWild edible plants play a crucial role in food security, biodiversity conservation, and sustaining rural livelihoods. Vitex doniana, though widely distributed, remains an underutilized species with significant ecological, economic, and medicinal value. Despite its adaptability across diverse ecosystems, its population in Uganda faces increasing threats from human activities. In addition, the lack of comprehensive data on its abundance and distribution hampers conservation efforts, posing a risk to the plant’s genetic diversity. Ecological and ethnobotanical surveys were conducted in Uganda, Koboko district, to assess the abundance, utilization, and distribution of V. doniana. A total of six line transects and 18 quadrats (three alternating quadrats (50 m × 100 m) with 25 m spacing between quadrats per line transect) were used for data collection. A pre-tested questionnaire was used to collect data on the utilisation of V. doniana from 144 respondents. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and Chi-square tests in SPSS. Results indicated a higher relative abundance of young regenerating trees (74.0%) than mature trees (26.0%). The distribution of V. doniana across different land-use types showed a statistically significant variation (χ² = 7.17, df = 2, p = 0.028). The local community utilizes the tree for fruit harvesting, firewood, charcoal production, and construction purposes. To ensure the sustainable use of V. doniana, community by-laws, awareness, controlled harvesting, and agroforestry practices should be embraced.Item High-throughput sequencing analysis reveals Moroccan Watermelon Mosaic Virus and Tobacco Streak Virus isolates infecting pumpkins in Uganda(CABI Agriculture and Bioscience, 2025-08-01) Masika, Fred Bwayo; Tugume, Arthur K.; Kesawat, Mahipal S.; Shimelis, Hussein; Ddamulira, Gabriel; Athman, Shahasi Y.; Ipulet, Perpetua; Alicai, TitusPumpkin (Cucurbita pepo L.) is a globally cultivated, economically significant cucurbit species, yet viral diseases pose a major threat to its yield and quality, especially in key production areas such as Uganda. To investigate and document viruses affecting pumpkins in Uganda, we assessed the sub-regional severity of virus-like diseases and identified pumpkin-infecting viruses using RNA sequencing. A total of 75 pumpkin leaf samples displaying typical viral symptoms were collected from 66 fields across Uganda. These samples were then pooled into five bulk groups, each consisting of 15 different plant leaves. Our analysis identified two viruses and detected six viruses, which were, however, not confirmed by another method. The two identified viruses were Moroccan Watermelon Mosaic Virus (MWMV) and Tobacco Streak Virus (TSV). This is the first report of MWMV and TSV infecting pumpkins in Uganda. The virus-like disease symptoms exhibited variations in sub-regional severity and incidence. These findings highlight the current viral diversity in pumpkins in Uganda, providing critical information for developing integrated disease management strategies to enhance crop yield and productivity.Item First report of Moroccan watermelon mosaic virus and other viruses infecting watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) in Uganda(New Disease Report, 2025-05-15) Masika, Fred Bwayo; Mahipal, S. K.; Alicai, T.; Shimelis, H.; Ddamulira, G.; Athman, S. Y.; Ipulet, P.; Osingada, F.; Salman, F. A.; Tugume, A. K.This study reports the first detection of Moroccan watermelon mosaic virus (MWMV) and multiple other viruses infecting watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) in Uganda. Using high-throughput sequencing of leaf samples collected from commercial farms across three districts, we identified six viruses, including MWMV, pepo aphid-borne yellows virus (PABYV), Citrullus lanatus cryptic virus, Cucumis melo cryptic virus, Watermelon crinkle leaf-associated virus, and a novel E. coli virus. The complete genome sequences of MWMV and PABYV were obtained, and virus presence was confirmed through RT-PCR. Observations indicated that mixed infections led to more severe symptoms such as mosaic patterns, leaf mottling, and stunting, affecting approximately 30–40% of cultivated plants. These findings underscore the emerging viral challenges in Ugandan watermelon production and emphasize the importance of vigilant disease monitoring and management strategies.Item Effect of knowledge of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) as prophylaxis for malaria on its uptake for intermittent preventive treatment of malaria in pregnancy (IPTp): Application of inverse probability weighted regression adjustment (IPWRA) technique(PLOS, 2025-04-15) Natuhamya, Charles; Mwebesa, Edson; Tumwesigye, Nazarius MbonaIntroduction: Malaria still remains a global health issue. In response, the World Health Organisation has continuously recommended the use of Sulfadoxine-Pyrimethamine (SP) for Intermittent Preventive Treatment of Malaria in Pregnancy (IPTp) as a malaria preventive measure for the mother and fetus, which has been implemented by the Ugandan government. In collaboration with partners, the government has created awareness of using SP for IPTp (SP-IPTp) among women mainly through media. Studies have investigated the effect of a woman’s education attainment on SP-IPTp. However, the effect of knowledge of SP as prophylaxis for malaria on SP-IPTp has not been studied. Notably, education does not necessarily have an effect on knowledge of SP for malaria prevention, and knowledge of SP as prophylaxis may not result in its significant uptake for IPTp. The purpose of this study, therefore, was to ensure baseline covariate balance and determine the effect of knowledge of SP as preventive chemotherapy on its uptake for IPTp. Methods: The study utilised the Ugandan Malaria Indicator Survey dataset of 2018–19. Women aged 15–49 years who indicated their uptake status of SP during their last pregnancy formed the sample of this study. The inverse Probability Weighted Regression Adjustment technique was applied to assess the study objective. Results: The findings revealed a positive and significant effect of knowledge of SP as malaria prophylaxis on its uptake for IPTp (Average Treatment Effect of the Treated or ATET = 0.163; 95% CI = 0.138–0.188). Conclusion: Ensuring covariate balance while applying IPWRA resulted in more precise estimates of treatment effects. Programmes and policies that create awareness of using SP as malaria prophylaxis may serve as effective interventions towards SP-IPTp in Uganda.Item Comparative analysis of single-walled, double-walled, and multi-walled carbon nanotube-reinforced Poly(2,5-benzimidazole) composites: Enhanced structural and thermal stability for radiation shielding in low Earth Orbit(Elsevier, 2025-03-05) Square, Lynndle; Oryema, Bosco; Mafoko, Pako; Ellis, Ernst; Vorster, HenriettePoly(2,5-benzimidazole) (ABPBI) composites reinforced with 1 wt% single-wall (SWCNT), double-wall (DWCNT), and multi-wall (MWCNT) carbon nanotubes were synthesised and evaluated for radiation shielding applications in Low Earth Orbit (LEO). The structural and thermal properties of these nanocomposites were characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). FTIR analysis confirmed the retention of ABPBI's characteristic molecular structure across all nanocomposites, with ABPBI/DWCNT exhibiting the strongest molecular bonding. Thermal analysis demonstrated exceptional stability, with ∼95% weight retention at 400 °C and ∼70% at 900 °C, suggesting suitability for high-temperature applications. To assess radiation resistance, 3 MeV He2+ ion bombardment was performed on ABPBI/DWCNT nanocomposites. Post-irradiation FTIR and XRD results indicated mild molecular degradation but preserved semi-crystalline structures, demonstrating strong radiation tolerance. AFM analysis further revealed nanoscale surface modifications, providing insights into radiation-induced morphological changes and confirming the structural resilience of ABPBI-based nanocomposites. The results suggest that ABPBI/DWCNT exhibits promising mechanical integrity, thermal stability, and radiation resistance for space applications.Item Space-coded microchip for multiplexed respiratory virus detection via CRISPR-Cas12a and RPA(Elsevier, 2025-02-26) Xiong, Mengqiu; Wang, Yao; Lu, Shuhan; Lubanga, Nasifu; Li, Tao; Li, Zhihao; He, Bangshun; Li, YingMultiple infections of respiratory viruses are common in patients with clinical respiratory diseases, but current detection methods still have problems such as complex equipment and long detection time. Rapid, low-cost, and on-site detection of human respiratory viruses is crucial for both clinical diagnosis and population screening. In this research, we created a space-coded microfluidic chip (SC-Chip) for the recognition of nine respiratory viruses: influenza A virus, influenza B virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, human coronavirus OC43, human coronavirus NL63, human coronavirus HKU1, human respiratory syncytial virus, human parainfluenza virus, and human metapneumovirus. For the first time, a comprehensive sequence comparison among these viruses was performed to design the recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) primers and Cas12a-crRNAs. The SC-Chip partitions samples amplified by RPA into spatially coded wells preloaded with CRISPR-Cas12a detection reagents, enabling the identification of all nine viral targets in a single test using a single fluorescence probe. The chip-based assay displays 9 respiratory viruses in less than 40 min with a minimum detection limit at a concentration of 10−18 M (∼1 copy/reaction). Additionally, the efficacy of the method was assessed through its application to 35 clinical patient samples identified as being at risk for respiratory virus infection, yielding a sensitivity of 90 % and a specificity of 100 %. In summary, this space-coded microfluidic CRISPR system offers several advantages, including ease of operation, cost-effectiveness, and rapid data acquisition, thereby holding great potential for multiplexed detection of nucleic acid targets in a clinical setting.Item Prevalence of COVID-19 infection in TB clinics in Kampala, Uganda(Ingenta Connect, 2023-06-01) Otaalo, B; Cevik, M.; Mwebesa, Edson; Nabisere-Arinaitwe, R; Zawedde-Muyanja, S; Nampala, J.; Nanziri, C.; Alinaitwe, L; Aber, F.; Bayigga, J.; Nankinga, B.; Laker, E.; Owarwo, N. C.; Sabiiti, W.; Adakun, S.; Adakun, S.; Turyahabwe, S.; Sloan, D. J.; Sekaggya-Wiltshire, C.The paper investigates the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection among patients attending TB clinics in Kampala, Uganda, during a peak COVID-19 wave in 2021. It highlights a significant drop in TB clinic attendance due to the pandemic. A cross-sectional study of 342 participants found a 9.7% prevalence of current SARS-CoV-2 infection and an alarming 87.6% seroprevalence, indicating past exposure. HIV status was linked to positive PCR results. The authors emphasize the need for improved diagnostics and simultaneous evaluation for TB and COVID-19 to enhance patient care and infection control during respiratory outbreaks.Item Antimycobacterial activities of the zanthoxylum leprieurii metabolite adubangoamide and non-natural fagaramide analogues(American Chemical Society, 2025-02-11) Oloya, Benson; Namukobe, Jane; Krüger, Mandy; Ssengooba, Willy; Sperlich, Eric; Kwesiga, George; Komakech, Kevin; Heydenreich, Matthias; Byamukama, Robert; Schmidt, Berndtrans-Fagaramide (1) and adubangoamide (2) are natural products with a cinnamic acid amide skeleton that have recently been isolated from Zanthoxylum leprieurii, a medicinal plant used locally in Uganda for the treatment of tuberculosis. Insufficient quantities of material from the natural source originally prevented the antimycobacterial evaluation of the new natural product 2. Herein, a synthesis of 2 is reported, and its antimycobacterial activity was determined using the synthetic material. Adubangoamide (2) is three times more active against the drug-susceptible M. tuberculosis strain H37Rv than trans-fagaramide (1), with an MIC value of 10.0 μM. In addition, we synthesized eight non-natural analogues of trans-fagaramide (1, MIC = 32.0 μM against H37Rv strain), in which benzylamide groups mimic the isobutylamide part of the trans-fagaramide structure. Five out of eight synthetic analogues are more active than the parent natural product: 11b (MIC = 6.0 μM), 11d (21.0 μM), 11e (6.1 μM), 11g (17.0 μM), and 11h (4.5 μM).Item Legacy and emerging organic pollutants in indoor and outdoor environments in africa: contamination levels, health risks, and analytical techniques(Elsevier, 2025-01-02) Muhwezi, Godfrey; Kyarimpa, Christine; Gumula, Ivan; Nagawa, Christine Betty; Omwoma, Solomon; Matovu, Henry; Matsiko, Julius; Odongo, Silver; Sifuna, Douglas; Špánik, Ivan; Kato, Charles Drago; Ssebugere, PatrickThe World Health Organisation reported that over 20% of the global disease burden and deaths are caused by environmental factors such as air and dust pollution. Legacy organic pollutants (LOPs) and emerging organic pollutants (EOPs) are among the biggest contributors to this burden. Herein we reviewed literature published for the period 2000-2023 on selected LOPs and EOPs in indoor dust and outdoor air in Africa to understand the occurrence, associated human health risks and common analytical techniques used to identify and quantify these contaminants. The findings revealed generally lower contamination levels for most pollutants than that in most regions outside Africa except for PCBs in outdoor air and OCPs in indoor settled dust. Apart from a few studies for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), most studies reported hazard index (HI) values less than 1 for outdoor air and indoor dust exposure, which suggested negligible non-carcinogenic risks in children and adults. Gas Chromatography and mass spectrometry were the most frequently used analytical techniques for both air and dust probably due to their sensitivity and selectivity in detecting chemical traces at the pg m-3 and ng g−1 levels. Although the current contamination levels are generally low, their synergistic and cumulative effects may in the long run affect the environment and human health. There is also a paucity of data on most contaminants, especially for PCNs, and PFASs in both outdoor air and dust. Coordinated efforts are needed to limit the trade, importation, and disposal of products containing LOPs and EOPs in Africa.Item Modules with reduced endomorphism rings(World Scientific Publishing, 2024-10-17) Kimuli, Philly Ivan; Ssevviiri, DavidIn this paper, we study endo-reduced modules as modules whose endomorphism rings have no nonzero nilpotent elements. We characterize their properties for different classes of modules, including K-non-singular modules, multiplication modules and finitely generated modules over commutative Dedekind domains. In the subcategory of finitely generated modules, it is shown that the class of rings R for which every faithful multiplication R-module is endo-reduced is precisely that of reduced rings; while the class of rings R for which every multiplication R-module is endo-reduced is precisely that of von Neumann regular rings. Characterizations of when an endo-reduced module will be a reduced module are given. We prove that a finitely generated module over a principal ideal domain (PID) is endo-reduced exactly if it is either a semisimple module with pair-wise non-isomorphic submodules or a torsion-free module which is isomorphic to the underlying ring.Item Effect of cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) among subjects with alcohol use disorder (AUD) in Uganda: A Comparative study of treatment groups(CARI Journals, 2024-09-26) Kyazze, Richard; Natuhamya, Charles; Mwebesa, Edson; Kiyingi, Frank; Musoke, Miph; Tumwesigye, Nazarius MbonaBackground: Regardless of diverse interventions aimed at achieving recovery and maintaining sobriety, alcohol use disorder, a leading global risk factor for mortality and morbidity, remains prevalent in Uganda. It’s worth noting that even after long stays in treatment facilities, recovering individuals are still prone to relapse. Of importance, however, is the knowledge of the effect of treatment interventions on recovery during and after rehabilitation. Hence, this study seeks to determine the impact of CBT as an intervention among alcohol-dependent individuals and assess its relevancy after rehabilitation. Methodology: This study enrolled 196 individuals with alcohol dependence from 5 treatment centers in the treated and control groups on a 1:1 enrollment basis. Individuals in the treated group were those in the rehabilitation centres receiving CBT while the control group included individuals in the community who were off CBT treatment. A linear regression model was fit to the data to determine the effect of CBT on the recovery status. Interaction terms between the participants’ treatment group and CBT were included to assess the difference between the two groups. Findings: CBT enhanced character development (β = 1.37, p < 0.001), healthy living (β = 0.88, p < 0.001), productive engagements (β = 1.12, p < 0.001), and overall recovery status (β = 3.38, p < 0.001). The overall effect of CBT was higher among individuals receiving treatment as compared to their counterparts. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: Incorporating aftercare CBT treatment may enhance the recovery status of individuals grappling with alcohol dependence and prevent immediate relapse. Policymakers and licensing agencies of treatment centres should incorporate aftercare treatment for CBT and similar interventions.