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Evaluation of cosmic-ray damage and doses on hybrid and inorganic halide lead perovskites in space environment
(Elsevier, 2026-02-20) Omojola, Joseph; Engelbrecht, N.E.; Oryema, Bosco; Strauss, R.D.
This study evaluates the radiation damage and doses of hybrid (CH3NH3PbI3) and inorganic (CsPbI3) halide lead perovskites (HLPs) in a simulated space environment utilising the Particle and Heavy Ion Transport code System (PHITS) in its cosmic-ray source mode. Contributions from galactic cosmic rays (GCRs), solar energetic particles (SEPs), and radiation within Low Earth Orbit (LEO) were considered. A crucial comparative simulation with pure Silicon (Si) under identical conditions revealed Si’s superior resistance to radiation damage, while both HLPs exhibited reduced displacement per atom (DPA) at thicknesses 500 nm. The inorganic perovskite, CsPbI3, demonstrated a higher DPA and lower absorbed dose compared to CH3NH3PbI3, attributed to its greater mass density, greater energy per unit volume and higher linear energy transfer (LET). SEPs were identified as the primary cause of material damage due to their higher LET. While the higher mass density of CsPbI3 may lead to greater structural degradation over long-term energy applications, its high energy absorption per unit volume and lower ionisation energy suggest its suitability as a short-term space radiation sensor. Conversely, CH3NH3PbI3, when manufactured with a thickness 500 nm and properly encapsulated, may offer enhanced durability comparable to silicon-based solar cells for a cost-effective and dependable energy source for energy production in space.
Genome-wide survey and expression analysis of peptides containing tyrosine sulfation (PSY) gene family in Cicer arietinum L.
(Springer Nature, 2026-02-21) Kesawat, Mahipal Singh; Kumar, Vinay; Manohar, Swati; Sohail, Aqib; Rani, Manjusha; Chung, Sang-Min; Kumar, Deepak; Lenka, Sangram K.; Masika, Fred Bwayo
Background Plant growth and developmental processes are tightly regulated by small secreted peptides, however, the functions and mechanisms of Tyrosine Sulfation-containing Peptides (PSY) remain unclear. In chickpea, knowledge of PSY genes family is limited. Results This study employed comprehensive bioinformatics approaches to identify and characterize seven CaPSY genes in the chickpea genome. The analyses encompass chromosomal localization, evolutionary relationships, gene structure, conserved motif identification, promoter architecture, prediction of PSY-targeting miRNAs, and expression profiling. Chromosomal mapping revealed that CaPSY genes are confined to four specific chromosomes rather than being evenly distributed across the genome. Phylogenetic analysis resolved nine distinct groups, each further subdivided into subgroups. Additionally, CaPSY genes were found to contain one to two introns. Amino acid sequence comparisons demonstrated that each CaPSY gene consistently harbors a PSY domain in its C-terminal end. Promoter analysis of CaPSY genes revealed the presence of multiple hormone-responsive elements, including ABRE, SARE, AuxRE, and MeJARE, as well as stress-related elements such as the drought-responsive MBS, suggesting potential regulatory roles in development and stress adaptation. Further, the expression patterns of CaPSY were evaluated in multiple tissues as well as in response to abiotic stresses. The results indicated differential expression of CaPSY genes among tissues and under multiple abiotic stress conditions. We further detected several miRNAs likely to target CaPSY genes and assessed how they are expressed in different tissues. Conclusion Thus, these findings serve as a crucial resource for basic and applied research, enabling advancements in chickpea productivity and stress tolerance via precise genome editing and innovative breeding methods.
Seasonal dynamics of Elaeidobius Kamerunicus in allopatric populations: comparative analysis from indigenous mainland and introduced oil palm ecosystems in Uganda’s lake Victoria islands
(Taylor & Francis, 2026-02-04) Masika, Fred Bwayo; Otuba, Amugoli Moses; Kesawat, Mahipal Singh; Asiimwe, Alex; Baguma, Bidget; Alicai, Titus; Manohar, Swati; Ddamulira, Gabriel
Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis L.), native to Africa but widely cultivated in Southeast Asia, is increasingly grown in Uganda, and pollination efficiency is critical for fruit set and oil yield. The study assessed the population and sexual diversity of the primary pollinator, Elaeidobius kamerunicus FAUST, in introduced hybrid plantations in Kalangala and natural stands in Bundibugyo. Pollinator weevils were sampled across both wet and dry seasons in 2022 and 2023, and data were analyzed using ANOVA and correlation tests in Minitab 17. Results revealed significant variation between sites, with higher populations in Kalangala (7,503 ± 8.682) compared to Bundibugyo (5,164 ± 5.829). Furthermore, females (6,636 ± 4.646) outnumbered males (6,032 ± 5.028), with a slightly higher concentration of females in the middle section of male inflorescences. Seasonal differences were evident, as the wet season supported slightly higher weevil populations relative to the dry season. Correlation analysis indicated a weak negative relationship between weevil abundance and weather variables, suggesting that cooler conditions suppress population growth. Overall, Uganda provides favorable conditions for pollinator weevil multiplication, particularly under moist climatic regimes, while extensive cold conditions limit population expansion. These findings highlight the importance of pollinator dynamics in sustaining oil palm productivity in diverse agroecological regions.
Unexplored potential of carrot (Daucus carota L.) bioactive in combating cancer: an insight into intricate mechanisms
(Taylor & Francis, 2026-01-27) Kumar, Santosh; Kesawat, Mahipal Singh; Kherawat, Bhagwat Singh; Singh, Archana; Kumar, Anmol; Kumari, Sweta; Alamery, Salman Freeh; Singh, Pratibha; Masika, Fred Bwayo; Manohar, Swati
The rising incidence of cancer, combined with costs, toxicity, and side effects of conventional treatments such as immunotherapy, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and surgery, underscores the need for preventive strategies. Natural phyto-bioactives, have attracted increasing scientific interest due to their diverse biological activities. These phytochemicals in carrots have been studied for their roles in modulating intracellular signalling pathways in vitro and preclinical studies. Carrots contain an abundant spectrum of bioactive compounds, including phenolics, carotenoids, polyacetylenes, ascorbic acid, and dietary fiber. These constituents have been reported to modulate processes such as apoptosis, oxidative stress, inflammation, angiogenesis, and pathways involved in cell proliferation in experimental systems. This comprehensive review studies findings from preclinical studies, epidemiological research, and meta-analyses to evaluate the biological activities of carrot bioactives in cancer-relevant biological mechanisms. By examining their ability to modulate molecular pathways involved in tumour invasion and metastasis, this review highlights the potential mechanistic relevance of carrot-derived phytoactive compounds against metastatic cells. Although preclinical studies suggest that these bioactives may influence processes associated with tumour progression, the available evidence is largely derived from in vitro and animal models, and therefore requires validation through translational research and well-designed, large-scale clinical trials. Rather than establishing definitive cancer-preventive or therapeutic effects, current scientific findings support the role of carrot-derived bioactives as promising candidates for further investigation. Advancing research into the underlying molecular mechanisms of carrots may help identify specific phytochemicals that modulate pathways related to tumour invasion and metastasis, therby enabling the development of future cancer prevention strategies.
Trading tomatoes and onions in Uganda’s watersheds: actors, dynamics, and opportunities
(Canadian Center of Science and Education, 2026-01-15) Masika, Fred Bwayo; Ddamulira, Gabriel; Obongo, Isaac; Aropet, Stella Adumo; Asiimwe, Alex; Kiryowa, Moses; Logose, Maureen; Amugoli, Otuba Moses; Naluyimba, Rehema; Ramathan, Idd
Horticulture accounts for more than half of Uganda’s agricultural output, yet crops such as tomatoes and onions remain only marginally profitable despite the country’s favorable climate. To assess the state of their marketing, a study was conducted across five watershed irrigation schemes of Ngenge, Tochi, Wadelai, Mubuku II, and Doho. Researchers interviewed 56 key informants and 174 market vendors using questionnaires that explored market actors, their roles and interconnections, seasonal trade dynamics, pricing, supply and demand, gross margins, and both opportunities and constraints. Data were analyzed using Microsoft Excel and SPSS. The findings showed that nearly half of the markets (46%) were underdeveloped, with women and youth making up the majority of vendors (78%). Farmers were the main suppliers, but often overlapped with other market roles. Seasonal fluctuations affected tomato and onion availability, with oblong tomato varieties being most popular. Key challenges included poor storage facilities, high market fees, and price volatility. However, strong local demand, access to export channels, and opportunities for off-season production highlight promising avenues for improving the profitability and sustainability of tomato and onion marketing in Uganda.
Genome-wide analysis of the pleiotropic drug resistance (PDR) gene family and putative PDR specific miRNAs: deciphering their functions in development processes and varied stresses in Triticum aestivum L.
(Springer Nature, 2026-01-13) Kesawat, Mahipal Singh; Kherawat, Bhagwat Singh; Reager, Madan Lal; Lenka, Sangram K.; Chung, Sang-Min; Masika, Fred Bwayo
Background The pleiotropic drug resistance (PDR) transporter stands out as one of the largest subfamilies within ABC transporters. These transporters play crucial roles in a multitude of biological processes, including detoxification, phytohormone transportation, stomatal movement, the translocation of various secondary metabolites, tolerance to heavy metal and adaptation to the diverse stress conditions. However, the structural and functional characterization of PDR gene family members in wheat has yet to be fully elucidated. Results In this investigation, we identified 66 TaPDR genes in the genome of wheat. The subsequent phylogenetic tree revealed that the genes clustered into four subfamilies. Chromosomal mapping unveiled the dispersal of 66 TaPDR genes across 17 wheat chromosomes. The twenty-two pairs of duplicated gene were identified in the PDR family. Ka/Ks ratio revealed that 22 duplicated TaPDR genes went through purifying selection. It was noted that the TaPDR genes displayed significant diversity in their gene structures. In addition, the presence of numerous cis-regulatory elements in the promoter regions of the TaPDR genes were identified. Differential expression patterns were observed among TaPDR family members across various tissues and in response to multiple stress conditions. Moreover, this investigation explored the miRNAs targeting TaPDR genes and their expression profiles in various tissues. Conclusion Thus, the results of this study establish a strong basis for further investigation of the functions of TaPDR genes across different tissues, developmental stages, phytohormone responses, and diverse stress in wheat.
Differentiated effects of sources of malaria messages on mosquito bed net use among women of reproductive age in Uganda: a propensity score matched analysis
(Springer Nature, 2026-01-25) Mwebesa, Edson; Agbi, Delight Mawufemor; Iha, Daniel Thoya; Kogei, Dan Kipkosgei; Agasa, Lameck Ondieki; Kerich, Gregory Kibet; Mwangi, Ann
Introduction Malaria remains a significant public health challenge, particularly in high-burden settings such as Uganda. Social and Behaviour Change Communication (SBCC) interventions play a vital role in influencing knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to malaria prevention. However, despite the widespread promotion of mosquito bed net (MBN) use, there is limited evidence on the comparative effectiveness of different media platforms in encouraging their adoption. This study estimated the effect of exposure to malaria messages from different media platforms on MBN use among women of reproductive age in Uganda using propensity score–matched analysis. Methods We conducted a secondary analysis of nationally representative data from the 2018–2019 Uganda Malaria Indicator Survey (UMIS), restricted to 3488 women aged 15–49 years who reported exposure to at least one malaria message. The primary outcome was MBN use, and the key exposures were nine distinct SBCC platforms. One-to-one nearest neighbour propensity score matching was applied, adjusting for key socio-demographic characteristics including age, education level, household wealth index, place of residence, and region. Propensity score matching analysis (PSMA) was applied to estimate the average treatment effect on the treated (ATT) for each platform, with ATT chosen to quantify effects among women who were actually exposed to malaria-related messages, adjusting for relevant observed covariates. Data analysis was done in Stata V14.0. Results Of the 3488 women included in the study, 73.2% reported using MBN the previous night before the survey. Propensity score matched analysis revealed that exposure to malaria messages through community health workers (ATT = 0.322, 95% CI 0.111, 0.533), community events (ATT = 0.296, 95% CI 0.085, 0.507), and social mobilization (ATT = 0.185, 95% CI 0.008, 0.362) significantly increased MBN use. Other effective channels included social media, radio, interpersonal communication, and billboards. Television exposure (ATT = 0.051; 95% CI − 0.062, 0.164) and exposure from other unspecified sources were not significantly associated with MBN use. Conclusion Among women exposed to malaria messages, exposure through community health workers and community events showed the strongest associations MBN use, followed by exposure through social mobilisation and other SBCC platforms. Exposure through television was not significantly associated with MBN use, suggesting that community-based and interpersonal communication channels may be more strongly associated with MBN utilisation than some mass media platforms.
Organochlorine pesticides in placenta, blood and breast milk of mothers in Uganda: Concentrations and health risks to breast fed infants
(Elsevier, 2025-12-03) Omoding, Daniel; Nantumea, Teddy; Wasswaa, John; Odongo, Silver; Kyarimpa, Christine; Karumea, Ibrahim; Matovu, Henry; Sillanp, Mika; Kato, Charles Drago; Nabuumaa, Josephine; Miiroa, Ashirafu; Ssebugerea, Patrick
Exposure to organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) remains a major public health concern in low-income countries, where historical usage and poor regulation continue to result in maternal and early-life exposures. This study assessed concentration profiles of selected OCPs, namely; p,p′-DDT, p,p′-DDE, o,p′-DDE, p,p′-DDD, o,p′-DDD, aldrin, dieldrin, lindane, α-endosulfan, β-endosulfan, and endosulfan-sulfate in maternal blood, breast milk, and placenta samples collected from 52 healthy mothers residing in the rural Kanungu District and urban Kampala District in Uganda. Analytical quantification was performed using gas chromatography-electron capture detection (GC-ECD), and compound identity was confirmed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Concentrations of total DDTs (∑DDTs) were 63.0, 27.1, and 35.0 ng g-1 lipid weight (l.w) in blood, breast milk, and placenta, respectively. o,p′-DDE was the predominant metabolite in blood (67% of ∑DDTs), while p,p′-DDE dominated in placenta and milk (34% and 70%, respectively), possibly due to degradation of technical DDT applied in past decades. Other OCPs were generally low (
Anthropogenic footprint and ecological risk assessment of organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in sediments from Lake Victoria, East Africa
(Elsevier, 2025-12-15) Kagoya, Afuwa; Arinaitwe, Kenneth; Odongo, Silver; Sifuna, Douglas; Matovu, Henry; Matsiko, Julius; Muhwezi, Godfrey; ˇSp´anik, Ivan; Kato, Charles Drago; Sillanpa, Mika; Ssebugere, Patrick
Lake Victoria, the world’s second-largest freshwater lake, continues to face pressure from anthropogenic activities in its catchment area, releasing pollutants, which are ultimately trapped in the sediment core, thereby posing threats to aquatic organisms. This study quantified thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and ten polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in sediments from the Uganda, Kenya, and Tanzania sides of Lake Victoria using soxhlet method, fractionation column and GC–MS/MS analysis. Total (∑13) OCPs levels were up to 412, 148, and 522 µg kg-1 dry weight (d.w), and 12.1, 8.69 and 9.87 µg kg-1 dw for total (∑10) PCBs for sediments from Uganda, Kenya, and Tanzania, respectively. Diagnostic ratios suggested past and ongoing use of OCPs while principal component analysis confirmed that OCP profiles were mainly due to their application in controlling pests in agriculture and public health programs, and PCB congeners were largely due to volatilization, degradation of higher PCBs into lighter PCBs, improper waste disposal of old transformers, hydraulic fluids, plasticizers, and capacitors. Ecological risk assessment highlighted that the PCB levels in sediments were below threshold effect and probable effect levels, but p,p′-DDD, and lindane were likely to pose adverse effects to sediment-dwelling organisms in Lake Victoria. These results imply persistent pollutant loads in Lake Victoria, and consequently, a need for its enhanced management.
Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of the Small Ubiquitin-like Modifier (SUMO) gene family in Triticum aestivum L.
(Springer Nature, 2025-12-11) Kesawa, Mahipal Singh; Kherawat, Bhagwat Singh; Reager, Madan Lal; Badu, Meenakshi; Kabi, Mandakini; Mohanty, Ankita; Raju, Kalidindi Krishnam; Lenka, Sangram K.; Alamery, Salman Freeh; Al-ateeq, Talak K.; Masika, Fred Bwayo; Hong, Choo Bong
Background: Post-translational modification of proteins by SUMO is critical for a wide range of cellular and developmental processes. Although SUMO proteins have been extensively studied in animals and, to some extent, in Arabidopsis, their precise functions in other crop plants are still largely unknown. Results: In this research, we identified 31 TaSUMO genes in genome of wheat. Phylogenetic tree unveiled that genes clustered into thirteen subfamilies. Chromosomal mapping unveiled the dispersal of 31 TaSUMO genes across 11 wheat chromosomes. The eleven pairs of duplicated gene were identified in the SUMO family. Ka/Ks ratio revealed that 8 duplicated TaSUMO genes went through purifying purification. Furthermore, it was noted that TaSUMO genes displayed significant conversation in their gene structure. In addition, analysis of promoters uncovered the presence of numerous cis-regulatory elements in the promoter region of the TaSUMO genes. The differential expression patterns were observed among TaSUMO family members across various tissues and in response to multifaceted stress conditions. Moreover, this investigation explored the miRNAs targeted to TaSUMO genes and expression profile in various tissues. Conclusion: Thus, the results of this study establish a strong basis for further investigation of the functions of TaSUMO genes across different tissues, developmental stages, phytohormone responses, and diverse stress in wheat.
Deformations and simultaneous resolution of determinantal surfaces
(Oxford University Press, 2025-11-25) Makonzi, Brian
This paper uses reconstruction algebras to construct simultaneous resolution of determinantal surfaces. The main new difference to the classical case is that, in addition to the quiver of the reconstruction algebra, certain non-commutative relations, namely those of the canonical algebra of Ringel, are required. All the relations of the reconstruction algebra except the canonical relation are then deformed, and these deformed relations together with variation of the geometric invariant theory (GIT) quotient achieve the simultaneous resolution.
Unraveling the genetic basis of fertility restoration in hybrid rice: insights from CMS lines and male restorer analyses
(Taylor & Francis, 2025-10-21) Sharmaa, Deepak D.; Patel, V. P.; Chaudhary, Ankit; Modha, K.G.; Parekh, V.B.; Naik, Islavath Suresh; Masika, Fred Bwayo; Kesawat, Mahipal Singh
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) serves as the staple food for over half of the global population. To address the pressing need for increased rice production, hybrid rice technology leverages the concept of hybrid vigor, or heterosis, achieving a 15–20% yield advantage over traditional varieties. This study focuses on developing hybrid varieties through the cytoplasmic genetic male sterility (CGMS) mechanism. It explores the genetic inheritance of fertility restoration in two distinct CMS lines, IR58025A (WA) and RTN13A (Gambiaca), using 165 diverse male lines. The study successfully generated F1 hybrids and evaluated them for pollen and spikelet fertility, identifying NVSR 2965 and NVSR 3280 as effective restorers, with fertility rates surpassing 90%. Analysis of the F2 generations from these crosses revealed that fertility restoration is controlled by two dominant genes, Rf3 and Rf4, which interact epistatically. The cross IR58025A × NVSR 2965 exhibited a 12:3:1 segregation pattern, suggesting simple dominance with a masking effect, while RTN13A × NVSR 3280 showed a 15:1 ratio, indicating duplicate dominance. These findings enhance our understanding of the genetic mechanisms underlying fertility restoration and provide valuable insights for applying marker-assisted selection and breeding strategies to develop high-yield hybrid rice varieties.
Effect of exposure to malaria messages on insecticide-treated net use among women and under-five children in Uganda: a propensity score matched analysis
(Springer Nature, 2025-11-10) Mwebesa, Edson; Agbi, Delight Mawufemor; Iha, Daniel Thoya; Agasa, Lameck Ondieki; Mwangi, Ann
Background: Malaria remains a global public health issue, with almost 2.5 million cases and more than 0.6 million deaths each year, of which women and children remain disproportionately affected. Insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) are a cornerstone of malaria prevention in endemic malaria regions. Malaria messages (MM) are intended for positive and measurable social, attitude, and behavioural change towards malaria prevention uptake. However, their impact on insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) use has not been sufficiently investigated through rigorous statistical approaches. This study investigated the effect of MM on ITN use among women and children under five years in Uganda using Propensity Score Matched Analysis (PSMA). Methods: The study utilized the Uganda Malaria Indicator Survey (UMIS) 2018 -19 data. Women (n = 8868) and children (n = 6915) datasets were extracted from Individual Women’s and Children’s Data, respectively. The children’s dataset included data on interviewed women (caregivers), household indicators and under-five children’s data, while the women's dataset contains records of every eligible woman in selected households. Propensity score-matched analysis (PSMA) was utilized to identify the effect of the MM (intervention) on ITN use (outcome) among women of reproductive age and children under five in Uganda. Results: The results revealed that 69.3 [95% CI: 67.2, 71.2] of the women and 71.8 [95% CI: 69.1, 74.4] of the children under five years slept under a mosquito bed net the night preceding the survey. The results further revealed a significant and positive effect of exposure to malaria messages on ITN use among exposed women [Average Treatment Effect of the Treated (ATT) = 5.1%, 95% CI: 1.5–8.9%] and under-five children of exposed women [ATT = 4.3%, 95% CI: 1.0–7.6%]. Conclusion: Effective and relevant behavioural change communications, such as malaria messages, are an effective way of influencing the use of ITN. Such an intervention may reduce malaria endemicity, morbidity, and mortality in Uganda.
Rapid detection of Helicobacter pylori and its virulence genes by fluorescence-chromogenic double-indicator LAMP (FC-LAMP)
(Elsevier, 2025-10-15) Liu, Yanghe; Yin, Sijie; Chen, Shiyue; Zhang, Chunlei; Lubanga, Nasifu; Tai, Ping; Xiong, Mengqiu; Fan, Boyue; Yang, Xincheng; Xia, Xinyi; Hou, Panfei; He, Bangshun
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a risk factor of gastrointestinal diseases. Vacuolating cytotoxin A (VacA) is a key component of the pathogenicity of H. pylori for gastric diseases, and detection for virulence genotypes facilitates precise clinical diagnosis and individual treatment. Hence, a more accurate, convenient, and highly sensitive detection method is urgently needed. In this study, we developed a method based on fluorescence-colorimetric dual-indicator loop-mediated isothermal amplification (FC-LAMP), allowing for naked-eye readout, using a constant temperature water bath within 40 min in clinical settings. Such an excellent sensitivity and specificity, and user-friendly operation approach achieved a limit of 10−6 ng/μl for 16 s rRNA detection of H. pylori, and 100 % specificity for 55 clinical gastric fluid samples compared with the immunofluorescence staining (IFS) and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) as reference methods. In short, this study offers a new strategy for detection of H. pylori and its virulence genotype in primary hospitals and in limited resources settings, facilitating individualized precision eradication of H. pylori.
Effect of exposure to malaria messages on insecticide-treated net use among women and under-five children in Uganda: a propensity score matched analysis
(Springer Nature, 2025-11-10) Mwebesa, Edson; Agbi, Delight Mawufemor; Iha, Daniel Thoya; Agasa, Lameck Ondieki; Mwangi, Ann
Background Malaria remains a global public health issue, with almost 2.5 million cases and more than 0.6 million deaths each year, of which women and children remain disproportionately affected. Insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) are a cornerstone of malaria prevention in endemic malaria regions. Malaria messages (MM) are intended for positive and measurable social, attitude, and behavioural change towards malaria prevention uptake. However, their impact on insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) use has not been sufficiently investigated through rigorous statistical approaches. This study investigated the effect of MM on ITN use among women and children under five years in Uganda using Propensity Score Matched Analysis (PSMA). Methods The study utilized the Uganda Malaria Indicator Survey (UMIS) 2018 -19 data. Women (n = 8868) and children (n = 6915) datasets were extracted from Individual Women’s and Children’s Data, respectively. The children’s dataset included data on interviewed women (caregivers), household indicators and under-five children’s data, while the women's dataset contains records of every eligible woman in selected households. Propensity score-matched analysis (PSMA) was utilized to identify the effect of the MM (intervention) on ITN use (outcome) among women of reproductive age and children under five in Uganda. Results The results revealed that 69.3 [95% CI: 67.2, 71.2] of the women and 71.8 [95% CI: 69.1, 74.4] of the children under five years slept under a mosquito bed net the night preceding the survey. The results further revealed a significant and positive effect of exposure to malaria messages on ITN use among exposed women [Average Treatment Effect of the Treated (ATT) = 5.1%, 95% CI: 1.5–8.9%] and under-five children of exposed women [ATT = 4.3%, 95% CI: 1.0–7.6%]. Conclusion Effective and relevant behavioural change communications, such as malaria messages, are an effective way of influencing the use of ITN. Such an intervention may reduce malaria endemicity, morbidity, and mortality in Uganda.
Indigenous knowledge and plant speciesused as mosquito repellents in the West NileSubregion, Uganda
(Springer Nature, 2025-11-07) Oloya, Benson; Andama, Morgan; Akwongo, Betty; Amagu, Paulino; Opoke, Robert; Candia, Milton; Samanya, Rehemah; Taban, Philliam; Okello, Emoses Agen; Anywar, Godwin
Background Female Anopheles mosquitoes are the primary vectors for malaria transmission within communities, significantly contributing to the high burden of malaria in Africa overall and Uganda specifically. Many tropical plants have insect-repellent properties and have traditionally been used in their native regions to prevent mosquito bites. Methods A cross-sectional ethnobotanical survey was conducted between January 2025 and May 2025 in five districts of the West Nile Subregion: Adjumani, Moyo, Madi-Okollo, Pakwach, and Obongi. Semi-structured questionnaires were used to collect data on indigenous knowledge about mosquito repellents from 57 respondents, who were selected through purposive and snowball sampling techniques. The ethnobotanical data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, the informant consensus factor, and preference ranking. Results A total of 42 plant species from 40 genera and 25 families were documented as being used to repel mosquitoes. The plants most commonly used for this purpose were: Azadirachta indica A.Juss. (9), Boswellia papyrifera (Caill.) (7), Aeschynomene americana L. (6), Mesosphaerum suaveolens (L.) Kuntze. (6), and Ocimum gratissimum L. (5). The most common indigenous method for repelling mosquitoes involves burning either dry cow dung (32%) or dry goat droppings (20%). Most of the plant species belong to the families Fabaceae (10), Lamiaceae (4), and Asteraceae (3). The majority of the plant species used were trees (43%) and herbs (42%), with leaves (42%) and seeds (12%) being the most frequently used plant parts. Except for Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf and M. suaveolens, which are used as live plants for repelling mosquitoes, all other plant species used were prepared by burning or smoking indoors. Conclusions Communities in the West Nile Subregion, especially those living along the River Nile, possess rich indigenous knowledge and practices used to repel mosquitoes in their efforts to control deadly malaria.
Radiation-induced degradation in the properties of pristine anddouble-walled carbon nanotube-enhancedpoly (2,5-benzimidazole) polymers for radiation shielding in the LEO
(Elsevier, 2025-09-01) Oryema, Bosco; Square, Lynndle; Ellis, Ernst
Degradation in the properties of polymer-based materials in space environments is a critical challenge for developing lightweight radiation shielding solutions. In this paper, a comparative study of the impacts of helium ion (He+) irradiation one of the ion species in the Low Earth Orbit (LEO) environment on the structural and optical properties of pristine and 1.0 wt% double-walled carbon nanotube (DWCNT)-enhanced poly(2,5-benzimidazole) (ABPBI) polymers for LEO radiation shielding applications was conducted. The two polymer categories were separately chemically prepared in the laboratory, moulded, dried, and cut into 1 cm × 1 cm pieces, and bombarded with 0.35 MeV He+ ions at varying fluences. The Ultraviolet–Visible-Near-Infrared (UV–Vis-NIR) optical analyses of the polymers following the ion bombardment revealed that He+ irradiation considerably raises the Urbach energy and decreases the optical bandgap, indicating a rise in electronic defects and structural disorder. On the other hand, the Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), and X-ray Diffraction (XRD) analyses revealed higher levels of structural degradation in the pristine ABPBI samples, suggesting changes brought about by irradiation-induced oxidation and chain scission processes. In contrast, the 1.0 wt% DWCNT-ABPBI composite demonstrated improved optical and structural integrity, retention, and resistance to He+ ion-induced damage. According to the results, 1.0 wt% DWCNT reinforcement reduces radiation-induced deterioration and offers more protection from energetic ion exposure in the LEO settings. Thus, this work highlights the distinct impact of He+ ion interactions with ABPBI and the effectiveness of DWCNT inclusion in improving polymer resilience, and it contributes to the fundamental understanding of the polymer composite for radiation shielding applications.
An explainable AI framework for neonatal mortality risk prediction in Kenya: Enhancing clinical decisions with machine learning
(Science Publishing Group, 2025-09-30) Lumumba, Victor Wandera; Muriithi, Dennis Kariuki; Njoroge, Elizabeth Wambui; Langat, Amos Kipkorir; Mwebesa, Edson; Wanyama, Maureen Ambasa
Neonatal mortality remains a critical public health challenge in Kenya, with a rate of 21 per 1,000 live births—well above the SDG 3.2 target. While machine learning (ML) offers potential for risk prediction, most models lack transparency and clinical interpretability, limiting their adoption in low-resource settings. This study presents an explainable AI (XAI) framework for predicting neonatal mortality using Kenya Demographic and Health Survey (KDHS) data (N = 2,000), with a focus on model accuracy, fairness, and clinical relevance. Six ML models—Logistic Regression (LR), KNN, SVM, Naïve Bayes, Random Forest, and XG-Boost—were trained and evaluated using in-sample, out-of-sample, and balanced datasets, with performance assessed via AUC, F1-score, sensitivity, specificity, and Cohen’s Kappa. To address class imbalance and enhance generalizability, synthetic oversampling and rigorous cross-validation were applied. Post-balancing, LR achieved optimal performance (AUC = 1.0, κ = 0.98, F1 = 0.987), with SVM (AUC = 0.995) and XG-Boost (AUC = 0.982) also showing higher performance. SHAP and model breakdown analyses identified Apgar scores (at 1st and 5th minutes), birth weight, maternal health, and prenatal visit frequency as key predictors. Fairness assessments across socioeconomic subgroups indicated minimal bias (DIR > 0.8). The integration of XAI enhances transparency, supports clinician trust, and enables equitable decision-making. This framework bridges the gap between predictive accuracy and clinical usability, offering a scalable tool for early intervention. Policy recommendations include embedding this XAI-enhanced model into antenatal care systems to support evidence-based decisions and accelerate progress toward neonatal survival goals in resource-limited settings.
Value of hs‑cTnT, sST2, and Lp‑PLA2 in the classification of acute coronary syndrome
(Spandidos Publications, 2025-08-22) Peng, Hongxin; Lubanga, Nasifu; Sun, Cong; He, Bangshun; Mei, Yan‑Ping; Wang, Yishan
The present study aimed to assess the value of high‑sensitivity cardiac troponin T (hs‑cTnT), soluble suppression of tumorigenicity 2 protein (sST2) and lipoprotein‑associated phospholipase A2 (Lp‑PLA2) in the classification of acute coronary syndrome (ACS). A total of 236 patients diagnosed with ACS were enrolled in this retrospective study and were further divided into the non‑ST‑segment‑elevation (NSTE)‑ACS group (n=183) and ST‑segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) group (n=53). The three biomarkers (hs‑cTnT, sST2 and Lp‑PLA2) were measured by electrochemiluminescence. The diagnostic performance of each biomarker in differentiating ACS subtypes was evaluated through receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. The DeLong test was applied to compare the discriminatory abilities of the different markers. The binary logistic regression model was employed to analyze the factors influencing ACS classification. The levels of hs‑cTnT and sST2 in males were significantly higher in the STEMI group than in the NSTE‑ACS group (P<0.05). hs‑cTnT [odds ratio (OR)=1.010, 95%CI: 1.007‑1.014] and sST2 (OR=1.022, 95%CI: 1.011‑1.033) were identified as good predictors for distinguishing STEMI from NSTE‑ACS, whereas Lp‑PLA2 (P=0.470) was not a suitable biomarker to discriminate between the two types of ACS. Additionally, the diagnostic efficacy of hs‑cTnT [area under curve (AUC=0.861)] and the combination of hs‑cTnT and sST2 (AUC=0.863) was higher than that of sST2 alone (AUC=0.833, P<0.05). In conclusion, these findings illustrated that hs‑cTnT and sST2 are promising biomarkers to classify patients with ACS. Compared with sST2 alone, hs‑cTnT and its combined detection demonstrate superior diagnostic efficiency in identifying ACS.
Acute and sub-acute toxicity assessment of methanolic stem bark extract of Khaya anthotheca (Meliaceae) in Wistar rats
(Springer Nature, 2025-08-29) Akwongo, Betty; Kakudidi, Esezah K.; Nsubuga, Anthony M.; Andama, Morgan; Namaganda, Mary; Tugume, Patience; Asiimwe, Savina; Anywar, Godwin; Katuura, Esther
Background: Khaya anthotheca (Meliaceae) is a medicinal plant with a wide range of therapeutic properties attributable mainly to the diverse limonoids it contains. Different parts of the plant are used in traditional health care for treatment of various diseases including candidiasis. However, inadequate information on its safety prompted this particular study. Methods: Acute toxicity was assessed according to OECD guidelines 425 in female rats administered with single oral doses of 2000 and 5000 mg/kg body weight (b.wt), and monitored for 14 days for any sign of toxicity and mortality. Sub-acute toxicity was evaluated in both male and female rats following OECD guideline 407, and were administered with extract doses of 500, 250 and 125 mg/kg b.wt repeatedly for 28 days. Body weights were measured weekly, while food and water intake were measured daily. Blood for biochemistry, hematology, and organs for histopathology were collected at the end of the experimental period. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by Turkey’s post hoc tests, and repeated measures ANOVA. Results: Acute toxicity showed no mortality, with half-lethal dose (LD50) being greater than 5000 mg/kg b.wt. For sub-acute toxicity, both male and female rats presented significant increase in food and water consumption, increased body weight with increasing time and extract doses (p < 0.05). The 500 mg/kg dosed female rats showed significant increase in stomach weights and alanine aminotransferase (ALT), while renal function marker of chloride ions (Cl−) decreased. Male rats showed dose-dependent significant rise in albumin (ALB) (p = 0.024). For both male and female rats, prolonged use of high extract doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg b.wt for 28 days were toxic to the stomach and liver. Conclusions: The methanolic stem bark extract of K. anthotheca is practically non-toxic at acute dose of 5000 mg/kg b.wt, and safe for clinical use at low sub-acute doses of 125 mg/kg b.wt. However, long-term administration of high extract doses above 125 mg/kg was toxic to mainly the liver and stomach. Thus, long-term administration of high dosage of methanol stem bark extract of K. anthotheca, and phytomedicine development should be done with cautions of potential side effects.

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