Effect of alcohol consumption and tobacco smoking on psychological distress: a quasi-experimental study using the 2022 Kenya demographic health survey data

dc.contributor.authorKamau, Kennedy
dc.contributor.authorAndeso, Pauline
dc.contributor.authorMuga, Winstoun
dc.contributor.authorKarisa, Amani
dc.contributor.authorMusyoki, Davis
dc.contributor.authorKuria, Joseph Mutura
dc.contributor.authorKadengye, Damazo T
dc.contributor.authorIzudi, Jonathan
dc.date.accessioned2025-07-01T13:22:00Z
dc.date.available2025-07-01T13:22:00Z
dc.date.issued2025-06-16
dc.description.abstractMethods: We analysed the 2022 Kenya Demographic Health Survey data. The primary exposure was alcohol consumption, and tobacco smoking was the secondary exposure. The outcome was psychological distress. We employed propensity score matching to achieve comparability on observed covariates between the exposed and unexposed groups. We then performed conditional logistic regression analysis, adjusting for matched pairs to establish a cause-effect relation between the exposures of interest and the outcome. We reported the OR and 95% CI. We conducted a sensitivity analysis using Mantel-Haenszel bounds to check for the robustness of the cause-effect findings to unmeasured confounders. Results: Of the 46 609 participants included in the study, 6450 (13.8%) consumed alcohol, while 2353 (5.0%) smoked tobacco. Overall, 1091 (2.3%) participants reported psychological distress. Among alcohol consumers, 352 (32.3%) reported psychological distress, compared with 115 (10.5%) among tobacco smokers. In a 1:1 ratio, we matched 10 070 individuals based on alcohol consumption and 4270 based on tobacco smoking status. In propensity-score-matched analysis, alcohol consumption (OR 2.76, 95% CI 2.06 to 3.70) and tobacco smoking (OR 2.04, 95% CI 1.29 to 3.24) showed an effect on psychological distress. Conclusion: This study found that alcohol consumption and tobacco smoking increase psychological distress among adults aged 15-54 years in Kenya. There is, therefore, a need to screen for psychological distress among people who drink alcohol or smoke tobacco to provide them with prompt mental health interventions.
dc.identifier.citationKamau, K., Andeso, P., Muga, W., Karisa, A., Musyoki, D., Kuria, J. M., ... & Izudi, J. (2025). Effect of alcohol consumption and tobacco smoking on psychological distress: a quasi-experimental study using the 2022 Kenya demographic health survey data. BMJ open, 15(6), e103659.
dc.identifier.issn2044-6055
dc.identifier.urihttps://dir.muni.ac.ug/handle/20.500.12260/756
dc.language.isoen
dc.publisherBMJ Group
dc.subjectEpidemiology
dc.subjectMental Health
dc.subjectMEDICINE::Social medicine::Public health medicine research areas
dc.subjectTobacco Use
dc.titleEffect of alcohol consumption and tobacco smoking on psychological distress: a quasi-experimental study using the 2022 Kenya demographic health survey data
dc.typeArticle

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